1304 lines
60 KiB
XML
1304 lines
60 KiB
XML
import Article from "@/components/Article";
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import { Metadata } from "next";
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export const metadata: Metadata = {
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title: "Feely's Abridged Osteopathic Dictionary | Dr. Feely",
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authors: [{ name: "Richard A. Feely, D.O., FAAO, FCA, FAAMA" }],
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};
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const ArticleFeelysOsteopathicDictionary = () => {
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return (
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<Article
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title="Feely's Abridged Osteopathic Dictionary"
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author="Richard A. Feely, D.O., FAAO, FCA, FAAMA"
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>
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<h2>– A –</h2>
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<p>
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<strong>angle, lumbosacral: </strong>represents the angle of the
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lubosacral junction as measured by the inclination of the superior
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surface of the first sacral vertebra to the horizontal (this is actually
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a sacral angle); usually measured from standing lateral x-ray films;
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also known as Ferguson's angle.
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</p>
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<p>
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<strong>articulation: </strong>1. the place of union of junction between
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two or more bones of the skeleton; 2. the active or passive progress of
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moving a joint through its permitted anatomic range of motion.
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</p>
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<p>
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<strong>assymmetry: </strong>absence of symmetry of position or motion;
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dissimilarity in corresponding parts of organs or opposite sides of the
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body which are normally alike; of particular use when describing
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position or motion alteration resulting from somatyc dysfunction.
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</p>
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<p>
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<strong>axoplasmic transport: </strong>the antegrade movement of
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substance from the nerve cell along the axon toward the terminals, and
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the retrograde movement from the terminals toward the nerve cell.
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</p>
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<h2>– B –</h2>
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<p>
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<strong>barrier (motion barrier): </strong>the limit to motion; in
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defining barriers, the palpatory end-feel chracateristics are useful.
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</p>
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<p>
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<em>anatomic barrier: </em>the limit of motion imposed by anatomic
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structure; the limit of passive motion.
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</p>
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<p>
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<em>elastic barrier: </em>the range between the physiologic and antomic
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barrier of motion in which passive ligamentous stretching occurs before
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tissue disruption.
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</p>
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<p>
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<em>physiologic barrier: </em>the limit of active motion; can be altered
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to increase range of active motion by warm-up activity.
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</p>
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<p>
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<em>restrictive barrier: </em>a functional limit within the anatomic
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range of motion, which abnormallly diminishes the normal physiologic
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range.
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</p>
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<p>
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<em>pathologic barrier: </em>1. restrictive barrier; 2. permanent
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restriciton of joint motion associated with pathologic change of tissues
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(example: contracture, osteophytes).
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</p>
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<p>
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<strong>bind:</strong> relative palpable resistance to motion of an
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articulation or tissue, Synonym: resistance; antonums: ease, compliance,
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resilience.
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</p>
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<p>
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<strong>biomechanics:</strong> mechanical principles applied to the
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study of biological functions; the application of mechanical laws to
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living structures; the study and knowledge of biological function from
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an application of mechanical principles.
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</p>
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<p>
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<strong>bogginess:</strong> a tissue texture abnormality characterized
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principally by a palpable sense of sponginess inthe tissue, interprted
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as resulting from congestion due to increased fluid content.
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</p>
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<p>
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<strong>bucket handle rib motion:</strong> movement of the ribs during
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respiration such that with inhalation the lateral aspect of the rib
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moves cephaled resulting in an increase of transverse diameter of the
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thorax; this type of rib motion is predominately found in the lower
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ribs, increasing from the upper to the lower ribs.
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</p>
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<h2>– C –</h2>
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<p>
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<strong>caudad:</strong> toward the tail or inferiorly.
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</p>
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<p>
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<strong>cephalad:</strong> toward the head.
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</p>
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<p>
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<strong>cerebrospinal fluid, fluctuation of:</strong> a description of
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the hypothesized action of cerebrospinal fluid with regard to the
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cranioscral mechanism.
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</p>
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<p>
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<strong>Chapman's reflex:</strong> a system of reflex points originally
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used by Frank Chapman, D.O. that were described by Charles Owens,
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D.O. These reflexes present as predictable anterior and posterior
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fascial tissue texture abnormalities assumed to be reflections of
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visceral dysfunction or pathology (viscerosomatic reflexes). A given
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reflex is consistently associated with the same viscus. Chapman's
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reflexes are manifested by palpatory findings of plaque-like changes of
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stringiness of the involved tissues.
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</p>
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<p>
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<strong>circumduction:</strong> the active or passive circular movement
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of a limb; the rotary movement by which a structure or part is made to
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describe a cone, the apex of the cone being a fixed point (e.g. the
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circular movement of a a ball and socket joint).
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</p>
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<p>
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<strong>Contraction: </strong>shortening and/or development of tension
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in muscle.
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</p>
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<p>
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<em>concentric contraction</em>: contraction of muscle resulting in
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approximation of attachments.
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</p>
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<p>
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<em>Eccentric contraction</em>: lengthening of muscle during contraction
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due to an external force.
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</p>
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<p>
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<em>Isolytic contraction:</em> 1. contraction of a muscle against
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resistance while forcing the muscle to lengthen 2. Operator force
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greater than patient force.
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</p>
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<p>
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<em>Isometric contraction.</em> 1. Change in the tension of a muscle
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without approximation of muscle origin and insertion 2. Operator force
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equal to patient force.
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</p>
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<p>
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<em>Isotonic contraction:</em> 1. Approximation of the muscle origin and
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insertion without change in its tension; 2. Operator force less than
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patient force
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</p>
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<p>
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<strong>Contracture:</strong> a condition of fixed high resistance to
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passive stretch of a muscle, resulting from fibrosis of the tissues
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supporting the muscles or the joints or from disorders of the muscle
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fibers.
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</p>
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<p>
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<em>Dupuytyen's contracture:</em> shortening, thickening and fibrosis of
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the palmar fascia, producing a flexion deformity of a finder (Dorland)
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</p>
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<p>
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<strong>Cranial rhythmic impulse:</strong> a palpable, rhythmic
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fluctuation believed to be synchronous with the primary respiratory
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mechanism. (Term coined by Drs. John & Rachel Woods)
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</p>
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<p>
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<strong>Craniosacral mechanism:</strong> a term used to refer to the
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anatomic connection between the occiput and the sacrum by the spinal
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dura mater, as used by Dr. Sutherland in any other sense.
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</p>
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<h2>– D –</h2>
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<p>
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<strong>Decompensation</strong>: a dysfunctional, persistent patter, in
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some cases reversible, resulting when homeostatic mechanisms are
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partially or totally overwhelmed.
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</p>
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<h2>– E –</h2>
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<p>
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<strong>effleurage:</strong> stroking movement in massage used to move
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lymphatic fluids.
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</p>
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<p>
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<strong>elasticity:</strong> ability of a strained body or tissue to
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recover its shape after deformation.
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</p>
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<p>
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<strong>end feel:</strong> perceived quality of motion as an anatomic or
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physiologic restrictive barrier is approached.
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</p>
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<p>
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<strong>enthesitis:</strong> traumatic disease occuring at the insertion
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of muscles where recurring concentration of muscle stress provokes
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inflammation with a strong tendancy toward fibrosis and calcification
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(Stedman); inflammation of the muscular or tendinous attachment to bone
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(Dorland).
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</p>
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<p>
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<strong>ERS:</strong> a descriptor of spinal somatic dysfunction used to
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denote a combination extended (E), rotated (R), and sidebent (S)
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vertebral position.
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</p>
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<p>
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<strong>Exhalation rib:</strong> 1. A somatic dysfunction usually
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characterized by a rib being held in a position of exhalation such that
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motion toward exhalation is more free and motion toward inhalation is
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restricted; synonyms: inhalation restriction of rib(s), exhalation
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strain, depressed rib 2. An anterior tender point in
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strain-counterstrain.
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</p>
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<p>
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<strong>Extension:</strong> 1. Accepted universal term for backward
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motion in a saggital plane of the spine about a transverse axis; in a
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vertebral unit when the superior part moved backward; 2. In extremities,
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it the straightening of a curve or angle (biomechanics); 3. Separation
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of the ends of a curve in a spinal region.
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</p>
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<p>
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<strong>Extrinsic corrective forces:</strong> treatment forces, the
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sources of which are external to the patient; they may include operator
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effort, effect of gravity, mechanical tables.
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</p>
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<h2>– F –</h2>
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<p>
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<strong>Facilitation:</strong> 1. The maintenance of a pool of neurons
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(e.g., premotor neurons, motorneurons or preganglionic sympathetic
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neurons on one or more segments of the spinal cord.) in a state of
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partial or subthreshold excitation; in this state, less afferent
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stimulation is required to trigger the discharge of impulses 2. A theory
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regarding the neurophysiolgical mechanisms underlying the neuronal
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activity associated with somatic dysfunction 3. Facilitation may be due
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to sustained increase in afferent input, aberrant patterns of afferent
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input, or changes within the affected neurons themselves or their
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chemical environment. Once established facilitation can be sustained by
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normal central nervous system (CNS) activity.
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</p>
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<p>
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<strong>Fascial patterns:</strong> systems for classifying and/or
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recording the preferred directions of fascial motion throughout the body
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in classifiable combinations of regional compensatory change major
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systems of fascial patterns include the observations of W. Neidner, D.O.
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and J. Gordon Zink, D.O.
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</p>
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<p>
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<strong>FRS:</strong> a descriptor of spinal somatic dysfunction used to
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denote a combination flexed (F), rotated (R ) and sidebent (S) vertebral
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position.
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</p>
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<h2>– G –</h2>
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<p>
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<strong>Guiding:</strong> gentle movement by the operator following the
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path of least resistance in the movement of a body part within its
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normal range.
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</p>
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<h2>– H –</h2>
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<p>
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<strong>Habituation</strong>: decreased response to repeated
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stimulation; hypothetically, a short-term (minutes or hours) decremental
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central nervous system (CNA) process; it interacts with the incremental
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CNS process of sensitization and yields a final behavioral outcome.
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</p>
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<p>
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<strong>Health:</strong> adaptive and optimal attainment of physical,
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mental, emotional, spiritual, and environmental well-being.
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</p>
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<p>
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<strong>Homeostasis:</strong> 1. Maintenance of static or constant
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conditions in the internal environment; 2. The level of well-being of an
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individual maintained by internal physiologic harmony; it is the result
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of a relatively stable state or equilibrium among the interdependent
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body functions.
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</p>
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<p>
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<strong>Hypertonicity:</strong> a condition of excessive tone of the
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skeletal muscles; increased resistance of muscle to passive stretching.
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</p>
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<p>
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<strong>Iliosacral motion:</strong> motion of the ilia on an inferior
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transverse axis through the sacrum, as occurs in walking; considered to
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be primarily influenced by the attachments and movements of the pelvis,
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hips and lower extremities.
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</p>
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<h2>– I –</h2>
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<p>
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<strong>Ilium</strong>
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<strong>, somatic dysfunction of: </strong>anterior (forward) innominate
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(iliac) rotation: a somatic dysfunction in which the anterior superior
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iliac spine (ASIS) is anterior and inferior to the contralateral
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landmark; the ilium moves more freely in an anterior inferior direction,
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and is restricted in posterior motion.
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</p>
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<p>
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<em>Inferior innominate:</em> (iliac) shear: a somatic dysfunction (qv)
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in which the anterior superior iliac spine (ASIS) and posterior superior
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iliac spines (PSIS) are inferior to the contralateral landmarks;the
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ilium (innominate pelvic bone) moves more freely in an inferior
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direction and is restricted in superior motion.
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</p>
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<p>
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<em>Inflare:</em> (of the ilium i.e., innominate) a somatic dysfunction
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of the ilium resulting in medial positioning of the anterior ileum
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(ASIS);the ilium moves more freely in a medial direction, restriction is
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in lateral direction.
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</p>
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<p>
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<em>Outflare:</em> (of the ilium, i.e., innominate) a somatic
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dysfunction of the ilium resulting in lateral positioning of the
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anterior ilium (ASIS); the ilium moves more freely in a lateral
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direction, restriction is in medial direction.
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</p>
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<p>
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<em>Posterior: (</em>background) innominate (iliac) rotation: a somatic
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dysfunction is which the anterior superior iliac spine (ASIS) are
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posterior and superior to the contralateral landmarks; the ilium moves
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more fully in a posterior direction and is restricted in an anterior
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inferior motion.
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</p>
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<p>
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<em>Superior innominate (iliac) shear:</em> a somatic dysfunction in
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which the anterior superior iliac spine (ASIS) and posterior superior
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iliac spines (PSIS) are superior to the contralateral landmarks; the
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ilium (innominate pelvic bone) moves more freely in a superior direction
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and is restricted in inferior motion.
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</p>
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<p>
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<strong>Inferior lateral angle (ILA) of the sacrum:</strong> the point
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on the lateral surface of the sacrum where it curves medially to the
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body of the fifth sacral vertebra (Gray's anatomy).
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</p>
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<p>
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<strong>Inhalation rib:</strong> a somatic dysfunction usually
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characterized by a rib being held in a position of inhalation such that
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motion toward inhalation is more free and motion toward exhalation is
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restricted; synonyms; inhaled rib, anterior rib, inhalation strain,
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elevated rib, exhalation restriction.
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</p>
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<p>
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<strong>Innominate, reflex:</strong> 1. In osteopathic usage, a term
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that described the application of steady pressure to soft tissues to
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effect relaxation and normalize reflex activity, 2. Effect on antagonist
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muscles due to reciprocal innervation when the agonist is stimulated;
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see laws, Sherrington's osteopathic manipulative treatment; inhibitory
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pressure treatment.
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</p>
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<p>
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<strong>Innominate bone:</strong> now called hip bone, pelvic bone, or
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os coxae; the pelvis is made up of the two innominate bones, the sacrum
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and coccyx, see hip bone; see ilium, somatic dysfunction of.
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</p>
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<p>
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<strong>Intersegmental motion:</strong> designates relative motion
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taking place between tow adjacent vertebral segments or within a
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vertebral unit; described as the upper vertebral segment moving on the
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lower.
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</p>
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<p>
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<strong>Intrinsic corrective forces:</strong> voluntary or involuntary
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forces from within the patient that a assist in the manipulative
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treatment process. (For comparison, see extrinsic corrective forces)
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</p>
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<p>
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<strong>Isokinetic exercise:</strong> exercise using a constant speed of
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movement of the body part.
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</p>
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<h2>– K –</h2>
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<p>
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<strong>Kinesthesia:</strong> the sense by which muscular motion,
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weight, position, etc. are perceived.
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</p>
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<p>
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<strong>Kinetics:</strong> the body of knowledge that deals with the
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effects of forces that produce or modify body motion.
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</p>
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<p>
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<strong>Klapping:</strong> striking the skin with cupped palms to
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produce vibrations with the intention of loosening material in the lumen
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of hollow tubes or sacs within the body, particularly the lungs.
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</p>
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<p>
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<strong>Kneading:</strong> a soft tissue technique which utilizes an
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intermittent force applied perpendicular to the long axis of the muscle.
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</p>
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<p>
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<strong>Kyphosis:</strong> 1. The exaggerated (pathologic) AP curve of
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the thoracic spine with concavity anteriorly; 2. Abnormally increased
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convexity in the curvature of the thoracic spine as viewed from the side
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(Dorland)
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</p>
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<h2>– L –</h2>
|
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<p>
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<strong>Lateral flexed</strong>: a term used to describe a position of a
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vertebral body; defined as the movement of a point on the anterior on
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the anterior-superior aspect of the vertebral body about an
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anteriorposterior axis in a coronal plane.
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</p>
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<p>
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<strong>Law, Head's:</strong> when a painful stimulus is applied to a
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body part of low sensitivity (e.g viscus) that is in close central
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connection with a point of higher sensitivity rather than at the point
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where the stimulus was applied.
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</p>
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<p>
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<strong>Law, Wolff's</strong>: every change in form and function of a
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bone or in its function alone, is followed by certain definite changes
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in its internal architecture, and secondary alterations in its external
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conformations (Stedman's 25th ed.) e.g., bone is laid down along lines
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of stress.
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</p>
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<p>
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<strong>Laws, Sherrington's:</strong> 1. Every posterior spinal nerve
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root supplies a specific region of the skin, although fibers from
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adjacent spinal segments may invade such a region; 2. When a muscle
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receives a nerve impulse to contract, its antagoist receives,
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|
simutaneously, an impulse to relax. (These are only two of Sherrington's
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contributions to nuerophysiology; these are the ones most relevant to
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osteopathic principles).
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|
</p>
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<p>
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<strong>Ligamentous strain:</strong> motion and/or positional asymmetry
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associated with elastic deformation of connective tissue (fascia,
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ligament, membrane).
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</p>
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<p>
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<strong>Localization:</strong> 1. In manipulative technique, the precise
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positioning of the patient and vector application of forces required to
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produce a desired result; 2. The reference of a sense impression to a
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particular locality in the body.
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|
</p>
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|
<p>
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|
<strong>Lordosis:</strong> 1. The anterior convexity in the curvature of
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the lumbar and cervical spine as viewed from the side; the term is used
|
|
to refer to abnormally increased curvature (hollow back, saddle back,
|
|
sway back) and to the normal curvature (normal lordosis) cf. Kyphosis
|
|
and Scoliosis; (Dorland) 2. Hollow back or saddle back; an abnormal
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|
extension of deformity; anteriorposterior curvature of the spine,
|
|
generally lumbar with the convexity looking anteriorly (Stedman).
|
|
</p>
|
|
<p>
|
|
<strong>Lymph pumps:</strong> see osteopathic manipulative treatment;
|
|
pedal pump or thoracic pump.
|
|
</p>
|
|
<h2>– M –</h2>
|
|
<p>
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<strong>Manipulation:</strong> therapeutic application of manual force;
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see also technique.
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</p>
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|
<p>
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|
<strong>Manual medicine:</strong> the use of the hands to diagnose and
|
|
treat disorders of the somatic system.
|
|
</p>
|
|
<p>
|
|
<strong>Massage:</strong> therapeutic friction, stroking, and kneading
|
|
of the body; see also osteopathic manipulative treatment; soft tissue
|
|
treatment.
|
|
</p>
|
|
<p>
|
|
<strong>Mechanoreceptor:</strong> a receptor excited by mechanical
|
|
pressures or distortions, as those responding to touch and muscular
|
|
contractions (Dorland).
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|
</p>
|
|
<p>
|
|
<strong>Motion:</strong> 1. A change of position (rotation, and/or
|
|
translation) with respect to a system; 2. An act or process of a body
|
|
changing position in terms of direction, course and velocity.
|
|
</p>
|
|
<p>
|
|
<em>Active motion:</em> movement produced voluntarily by the patient.
|
|
</p>
|
|
<p>
|
|
<em>Inherent motion:</em> that spontaneous motion of every cell, organ,
|
|
system and their component units within the body.
|
|
</p>
|
|
<p>
|
|
<em>Passive motion:</em> motion induced by the physician while the
|
|
patient remains passive or relaxed.
|
|
</p>
|
|
<p>
|
|
<em>Physiologic motion:</em> changes in position of body structures
|
|
within the normal range; see physiologic motion of the spine.
|
|
</p>
|
|
<p>
|
|
<em>Translatory motion:</em> motion of a body part along an axis; see
|
|
translation.
|
|
</p>
|
|
<h2>– N –</h2>
|
|
<p>
|
|
<strong>Neutral:</strong> 1. The range of sagittal plane positioning in
|
|
which the first principle of physiologic motion of the spine applied. 2.
|
|
The point of balance of an articular surface from which all the motions
|
|
physiologic to that articulation may take place.
|
|
</p>
|
|
<p>
|
|
<strong>Nociceptor:</strong> a peripheral nerve organ or mechanism for
|
|
the appreciation and transmission of painful or infurious stimuli
|
|
(Stedman).
|
|
</p>
|
|
<p>
|
|
<strong>Non-neural:</strong> the range of sagittal plane spinal
|
|
positioning in which the second principle of physiologic motion of the
|
|
spine applies.
|
|
</p>
|
|
<p>
|
|
<strong>Normalization:</strong> the therapeutic use of anatomic and
|
|
physiologic mechanics to facilitate the body's response toward
|
|
hemeostasis and improved health.
|
|
</p>
|
|
<p>
|
|
<strong>NSR</strong>: A descriptor of spinal somatic dysfunction used to
|
|
denote a combination neutral (N), sidebent (S) and rotated ( R )
|
|
vertebra position; similar descriptors may involve flexed (F) and
|
|
extended (E) position; examples of combinations are FRS, ERS.
|
|
</p>
|
|
<p>
|
|
<strong>Nutation:</strong> nodding forward; anterior movement of the
|
|
sacral base around a transverse axis in relation to the ilia, occurring
|
|
during sphenobasilar extension of the craniosacral mechanism.
|
|
</p>
|
|
<h2>– O –</h2>
|
|
<p>
|
|
<strong>OMM:</strong> 1. Osteopathic manipulative medicine 2. Primary
|
|
care specialty emphasizing in-depth application of osteopathic
|
|
philosophy and special proficiency in osteopathic diagnosis and
|
|
treatment.
|
|
</p>
|
|
<p>
|
|
<strong>OMT:</strong> see osteopathic manipulative treatment.
|
|
</p>
|
|
<p>
|
|
<strong>OP&P:</strong> osteopathic principles and practice.
|
|
</p>
|
|
<p>
|
|
<strong>Osteopathic lesion </strong>( osteopathic lesion complex): term
|
|
originally used to identify what is currently defined as somatic
|
|
dysfunction; see somatic dysfunction.
|
|
</p>
|
|
<p>
|
|
<strong>Osteopathic manipulative treatment:</strong> (OMT): the
|
|
therapeutic application of manually guided forces by an osteopathic
|
|
physician to improve physiological function and/or support homeostastis;
|
|
this is accomplished by a variety of techniques.
|
|
</p>
|
|
<p>
|
|
<em>Active treatment (ART):</em> a technique in which the person
|
|
voluntarily performs a physician directed motion.
|
|
</p>
|
|
<p>
|
|
<em>Articulatory treatment (ART)</em> :a low velocity/moderate to high
|
|
amplitude technique where a joint is carried through its full motion
|
|
with the therapeutic goal of increased freedom range of motion.
|
|
</p>
|
|
<p>
|
|
<em>Balanced</em> <em>ligamentous tension (BLT/LAS):</em> see
|
|
ligamentous articular strain.
|
|
</p>
|
|
<p>
|
|
<em>Combined treatment</em>: 1. Term coined by Paul Kimberly, D.O., to
|
|
describe a technique where the initial movements are indirect as the
|
|
technique is completed the movements change to direct forces. 2. A
|
|
manipulative sequence involving two or more different techniques (e.g
|
|
Spencer technique combined with muscle energy technique)
|
|
</p>
|
|
<p>
|
|
<em>Counterstrain (CS):</em> a system of diagnosis and treatment
|
|
developed by Lawrence Jones, D.O., that considers the dysfunction to be
|
|
continuing, inappropriate strain reflex, which is inhibited by applying
|
|
a position of mild strain in the direction exactly opposite to that of
|
|
the strain reflex; this is accomplished by use of the specific point of
|
|
tenderness related to this dysfunction followed by specific directed
|
|
positioning to achieve the desired therapeutic response.
|
|
</p>
|
|
<p>
|
|
<em>Cranial treatment (CR):</em> see primary respiratory mechanism; see
|
|
also osteopathy in the cranial field.
|
|
</p>
|
|
<p>
|
|
<em>Direct treatment (D/DIR):</em> any technique engaging the
|
|
restrictive barrier and then carrying the dysfunctional component into
|
|
the restrictive barrier.
|
|
</p>
|
|
<p>
|
|
<em>Exaggeration treatment:</em> 1. Operator movement away from the
|
|
restrictive barrier through and beyond the range of voluntary motion to
|
|
a point of palpably increased tension. 2. An indirect procedure that
|
|
involves carrying the dysfunction part away from the restrictive barrier
|
|
tissue treatment: (ST), then applying a high velocity/low amplitude
|
|
force in the same direction.
|
|
</p>
|
|
<p>
|
|
<em>Facilitated positional release (FPR):</em> a system of indirect
|
|
myofascial release treatment developed by Stanley Schowitz, D.O. The
|
|
component region of the body is placed into a neutral position,
|
|
diminished tissue and joint tension, in all planes.
|
|
</p>
|
|
<p>
|
|
<em>Inhibitory pressure treatment:</em> the application of steady
|
|
pressure to soft tissues to reduce reflex activity and produce
|
|
relaxation.
|
|
</p>
|
|
<p>
|
|
<em>Ligamentous articular strain (LAS/BLT):</em> a set of myofascial
|
|
release techniques described by Howard Lippincott, D.O., and Rebecca
|
|
Lippincott, D.O.
|
|
</p>
|
|
<p>
|
|
<em>Lymphatic pump:</em> a term coined by C. Earl Miller, D.O., to
|
|
describe the impact of intrathoracic pressure changes on lymphatic flow;
|
|
this was the name originally given to the thoracic pump technique before
|
|
the more extensive physiologic effects of the technique were recognized.
|
|
</p>
|
|
<p>
|
|
<em>Mandibular drainage:</em> a technique used to effect increased
|
|
drainage of middle ear structures via the Eustachian tube and lymphatic.
|
|
</p>
|
|
<p>
|
|
<em>Muscle energy treatment:</em> a term used to described the form of
|
|
osteopathic manipulative treatment in which the patient voluntarily
|
|
moves the body as specifically directed by the physician ; this directed
|
|
patient action is from a precisely controlled position against a defined
|
|
resistance by the physician.
|
|
</p>
|
|
<p>
|
|
<em>Myofascial treatment:</em> any technique directed at the muscles and
|
|
fascia.
|
|
</p>
|
|
<p>
|
|
Myofascial release treatment (MFR): treatment form first described by
|
|
Andrew T. Still and his early students, which engages continual
|
|
palpatory feedback to achieve release of myofascial tissues.
|
|
</p>
|
|
<p>
|
|
<em>Direct MFR:</em> a restrictive barrier is engaged for the myofascial
|
|
tissues; the tissue is loaded with a constant force until tissue release
|
|
occurs.
|
|
</p>
|
|
<p>
|
|
<em>Indirect MFR:</em> the dysfunctional tissues are guided along the
|
|
path of least resistance until free movement is achieved.
|
|
</p>
|
|
<p>
|
|
<em>Passive treatment:</em> technique in which the patient refrains from
|
|
voluntary muscle contraction.
|
|
</p>
|
|
<p>
|
|
<em>Pedal pump:</em> a venous and lymphatic drainage technique applied
|
|
through the lower extremities; also called the pedal fascia pump or
|
|
pedal pump.
|
|
</p>
|
|
<p>
|
|
<em>Positional treatment</em>: a direct segmental technique in which a
|
|
combination of leverage, patient ventilatory movements and a fulcrum are
|
|
used to achieve mobilization of the dysfunctional segment; may be
|
|
combined with springing or thrust technique.
|
|
</p>
|
|
<p>
|
|
<em>Range of motion treatment:</em> active or passive movement of a body
|
|
part to it physiologic or anatomic limit in any or all planes of motion.
|
|
</p>
|
|
<p>
|
|
<em>Soft tissue technique :</em> Soft procedure directed toward tissues
|
|
other than skeletal or <em>arthrodial elements:</em> a direct technique
|
|
which usually involves lateral stretching, linear stretching, deep
|
|
pressure, traction and/or separation o muscle origin and insertion while
|
|
monitoring tissue response and motion changes by palpation; also called
|
|
myofascial treatment.
|
|
</p>
|
|
<p>
|
|
<em>Spencer technique:</em> a series of direct manipulative procedures
|
|
to prevent or decrease soft tissue restrictions about the shoulder.
|
|
</p>
|
|
<p>
|
|
<em>Springing treatment:</em> a low velocity/moderate amplitude
|
|
technique where the restrictive barier is engaged repeatedly to produce
|
|
an increased freedom of motion.
|
|
</p>
|
|
<p>
|
|
<strong>Osteopathic Philosophy</strong>: osteopathic medicine is a
|
|
philosophy of health care and a distinctive art, supported by expanding
|
|
scientific knowledge; its philosophy embraces the concept of the unity
|
|
of the living organism's structure (anatomy) and function (physiology).
|
|
Its art is the application of the philosophy in the practice of medicine
|
|
and surgery in all its branches and specialties. Its science included
|
|
the behavioral, chemical, physical, spiritual and biological knowledge
|
|
related to the establishment and maintenance of health as well as the
|
|
prevention and alleviation of disease. Osteopathic concepts emphasize
|
|
the following principles: 1. The human being is a dynamic unit of
|
|
function 2. The body possesses self-regulatory mechanism which is self
|
|
healing in nature. 3. Structure and function are interrelated at all
|
|
levels 4. Rational treatment is based on these principles.
|
|
</p>
|
|
<p>
|
|
<strong>Osteopathic postural examination:</strong> the part of the
|
|
osteopathic musculoskeletal examination that focuses on the static and
|
|
dynamic responses of the body to gravity while in the erect position.
|
|
</p>
|
|
<p>
|
|
<strong>Osteopathic structural examination</strong>: the examination of
|
|
a patient by a an osteopathic physician with emphasis on the
|
|
neuromuscular-skeletal system including palpatory diagnosis for somatic
|
|
dysfunction and viscerosomatic change in the context of total patient
|
|
care.The examination is concerned with range of motion of all part of
|
|
the body performed with the patient in multiple positions to provide
|
|
static and dynamic evaluation.
|
|
</p>
|
|
<p>
|
|
<strong>Osteopathy (osteopathic medicine): </strong>a system of medical
|
|
care with a philosophy that combines the needs of the patient with
|
|
current practice of medicine, surgery and obstetrics and emphasis on the
|
|
interrelationships between structure and function, and an appreciation
|
|
of the body's ability to heal itself.
|
|
</p>
|
|
<p>
|
|
<strong>Osteopathy in the cranial field (OCF):</strong> diagnosis and
|
|
treatment by an osteopathic physician using the primary respiratory
|
|
mechanism. 1. Refers to the work of William G. Sutherland, D.O., in
|
|
applying the philosophy and principles of osteopathy to the whole body,
|
|
2. Title of reference book by Harold Magoun, Sr., D.O.
|
|
</p>
|
|
<h2>– P –</h2>
|
|
<p>
|
|
<strong>Palpation:</strong> the application of the fingers to the
|
|
surface of the skin or other tissues, using varying amounts of pressure,
|
|
to selectively determine the condition of the parts beneath.
|
|
</p>
|
|
<p>
|
|
<strong>Palpatory diagnosis:</strong> a term used by osteopathic
|
|
physicians to denote the process of palpating the patient to evaluate
|
|
the neuromusculoskeletal and visceral systems.
|
|
</p>
|
|
<p>
|
|
<strong>Palpatory skills</strong>: sensory skills used in performing
|
|
palpatory diagnosis and osteopathic manipulative treatment.
|
|
</p>
|
|
<p>
|
|
<strong>Patient cooperation</strong>: voluntary movement by the patient
|
|
(on instruction from the operator) to assist in the palpatory diagnosis
|
|
and treatment process.
|
|
</p>
|
|
<p>
|
|
<strong>Pelvic declination</strong> (pelvic unleveling) pelvic rotation
|
|
about an A-P axis.
|
|
</p>
|
|
<p>
|
|
<strong>Pelvic index:</strong> an objective radiographic measurement
|
|
representing the relative positions of the sacrum and innominate; normal
|
|
values are age-related and increase in subjects with saggital plane
|
|
postural decompensation.
|
|
</p>
|
|
<p>
|
|
<strong>Pelvic rotation:</strong> movement of the entire pelvis in a
|
|
relatively horizontal plane about a vertical (longitudinal) axis.
|
|
</p>
|
|
<p>
|
|
<strong>Pelvis sideshift:</strong> deviation of the pelvis to the right
|
|
or left of the central vertical axis as translation along the horizontal
|
|
(z) axis, usually observed in the standing position.
|
|
</p>
|
|
<p>
|
|
<strong>Pelvic tilt:</strong> pelvic rotation about a transverse (
|
|
horizontal) axis (forward or backward tilt) or about an
|
|
anterior-posterior axis (right or left side tilt)
|
|
</p>
|
|
<p>
|
|
<strong>Petrissage:</strong> deep kneading or squeezing action to
|
|
express swelling.
|
|
</p>
|
|
<p>
|
|
<strong>Physiologic motion of the spine:</strong> Principles I and II of
|
|
thoracic and lumbar spinal motion described by Harrison H. Fryette, D.O.
|
|
(1918) Principle III was proposed by C.R. Nelson, D.O. (1948)
|
|
</p>
|
|
<p>
|
|
<strong>Plagiocephaly:</strong> an asymmetric condition of the head.
|
|
</p>
|
|
<p>
|
|
<strong>Plane:</strong> a flat surface determined by the position of
|
|
three points in space; any of a number of imaginary surfaces passing
|
|
through the body and dividing it into segments.
|
|
</p>
|
|
<p>
|
|
<em>Coronal plane:</em> frontal plane.
|
|
</p>
|
|
<p>
|
|
<em>Frontal plane</em>: a plane passing longitudinally through the body
|
|
from one side to the other and dividing the body into anterior and
|
|
posterior portions.
|
|
</p>
|
|
<p>
|
|
<em>Saggital plane:</em> a plane passing longitudinally through the body
|
|
from front to back and dividing it into right and left portions; the
|
|
median or midsaggital plane divides the body into approximately equal
|
|
right and left portions.
|
|
</p>
|
|
<p>
|
|
<strong>Plastic deformation:</strong> a non-recoverable deformation; see
|
|
also elastic deformation.
|
|
</p>
|
|
<p>
|
|
<strong>Posterior component:</strong> a positional descriptor used to
|
|
identify the side of reference when rotation of a vertebral segment has
|
|
occurred; in a condition of right rotation, the right side is the
|
|
posterior component; usually refers to a prominent transverse process.
|
|
</p>
|
|
<p>
|
|
<strong>Postural decompensation:</strong> distribution of body mass away
|
|
from ideal when postural homeostatic mechanisms are overwhelmed; occurs
|
|
in a ll cardinal plane but is classified by the major plane(s) affected.
|
|
</p>
|
|
<p>
|
|
<strong>Posture:</strong> position of the body; the distribution of body
|
|
mass in relation to gravity.
|
|
</p>
|
|
<p>
|
|
<strong>Primary machinery of life:</strong> the neuromusculoskeletal
|
|
system.
|
|
</p>
|
|
<p>
|
|
<strong>Primary respiratory mechanism</strong>: a model proposed by W.
|
|
Sutherland, D.O., to describe the interdependent functions among five
|
|
body components as follows: 1 the inherent motility of the brain and
|
|
spinal cord 2. Fluctuation of the cerebrospinal fluid 3. Motility of the
|
|
intracranial and intraspinal membranes 4. Articular mobility of the
|
|
cranial bones 5. The involuntary mobility of the sacrum between the ilia
|
|
(pelvic bone)
|
|
</p>
|
|
<p>
|
|
<em>Primary:</em> refers to the internal tissue respiratory process.
|
|
</p>
|
|
<p>
|
|
<em>Respiratory</em>: refers to the process of internal respiratory,
|
|
i.e., the exchange of respiratory gases between tissue cells and their
|
|
internal environment consisting of fluids bathing the cells.
|
|
</p>
|
|
<p>
|
|
<em>Mechanism:</em> refers to the interdependent movement of tissue and
|
|
fluid with a specific purpose.
|
|
</p>
|
|
<p>
|
|
<strong>Pronation:</strong> in relation to the anatomical position, as
|
|
applied to the hand, rotation of the forearm in such a way that the
|
|
palmar surface turns backward (internal rotation) in relationship to the
|
|
anatomical position; applied to the foot, a combination of eversion and
|
|
abduction movements taking place in the tarsal and metatarsal joints,
|
|
resulting in lowering of the medial margin of the foot.
|
|
</p>
|
|
<p>
|
|
<strong>Prone:</strong> lying face downward.
|
|
</p>
|
|
<p>
|
|
<strong>Proprioception:</strong> the sensing of motion and position of
|
|
the body.
|
|
</p>
|
|
<p>
|
|
<strong>Proprioceptor:</strong> sensory nerve terminals found in
|
|
muscles, tendons and joint capsules which give information concerning
|
|
movements and position of the body (Dorland)
|
|
</p>
|
|
<h2>Pubes, somatic dysfunction of:</h2>
|
|
<p>
|
|
<em>Inferior pubic shear (inferior pubis):</em> a somatic dysfunction in
|
|
which one side of the pubic symphysis is inferior to the contralateral
|
|
side as the result of a shearing in the saggital plane.
|
|
</p>
|
|
<p>
|
|
<em>Superior pubic shear (superior pubis)</em> reciprocal of interior
|
|
pubis.
|
|
</p>
|
|
<p>
|
|
<strong>Pump handle rib motion</strong>: movement of the ribs during
|
|
respiration such that with inhalation the anterior aspect of the rib
|
|
moves cephalad and causes an increase in the anteriorposterior diameter
|
|
of the thorax ; this type of rib motion is found predominately in the
|
|
upper ribs decreasing from the upper to the lower ribs.
|
|
</p>
|
|
<h2>– R –</h2>
|
|
<p>
|
|
<strong>Reciprocal tension membrane:</strong> the intracranial and
|
|
spinal dural membrane including the falx cerebri, falx cerebelli,
|
|
tentorium and spinal dura.
|
|
</p>
|
|
<p>
|
|
<strong>Reflex:</strong> an involuntary nervous system response to a
|
|
sensory input; the sum total of any particular involuntary activity.
|
|
</p>
|
|
<p>
|
|
<em>Conditioned reflex:</em> one that does not occur naturally in the
|
|
organism or system but that is developed by regular association of some
|
|
physiological function with an unrelated outside event; soon the
|
|
physiological function starts whenever the outside event occurs.
|
|
</p>
|
|
<p>
|
|
<em>Red reflex</em>: the erythematous biochemical reaction ( reactive
|
|
hyperemia) of the skin in an area that has been stimulated mechanically
|
|
by friction; the reflex is greater in degree and duration in an area of
|
|
acute somatic dysfunction; it is a reflection of the segmentally related
|
|
sympathicotonia commonly observed in the paraspinal area 2. A red glow
|
|
reflected from the fundus of the eye when a light is cast upon the
|
|
retina.
|
|
</p>
|
|
<p>
|
|
<em>Somato-somatic reflex:</em> localized somatic stimuli producing
|
|
patterns of reflex response in segmentally related somatic structures.
|
|
</p>
|
|
<p>
|
|
<em>Somato-visceral reflex</em>– localized somatic stimulation
|
|
producing patterns of reflex response in segmentally related visceral
|
|
structures.
|
|
</p>
|
|
<p>
|
|
<em>Viscero-somatic reflex:</em> localized visceral stimuli producing
|
|
patterns of reflex in segmentally related somatic structures.
|
|
</p>
|
|
<p>
|
|
<em>Viscero-visceral reflex:</em> localized visceral stimuli producing
|
|
patterns of reflex response in segmentally related visceral structures.
|
|
</p>
|
|
<p>
|
|
<strong>Respiratory cooperation:</strong> a physician-directed
|
|
inhalation and/or exhalation by a the patient to assist the manipulative
|
|
treatment process.
|
|
</p>
|
|
<p>
|
|
<strong>Rib dysfunction</strong>
|
|
<em>:</em> (rib lesion) a somatic dysfunction in which movement or
|
|
position of one or several ribs is altered or disrupted; for example, an
|
|
elevated rib is one held in a position of inhalation such that motion
|
|
toward inhalation is freer, and motion toward exhalation is freer and
|
|
there is a restriction in inhalation.
|
|
</p>
|
|
<h2>– S –</h2>
|
|
<p>
|
|
<strong>Sacral motion , axis of:</strong> motion of the sacrum about any
|
|
of its hypothetical axes.
|
|
</p>
|
|
<p>
|
|
<em>Anterior -posterior (x) axis:</em> axis formed at the line of
|
|
intersection of a saggital and transverse plane.
|
|
</p>
|
|
<p>
|
|
<em>Oblique axis (diagonal)</em> a hypothetical functional axis proposed
|
|
by Fred. Mitchell D.O., that is from the superior area of a sacroiliac
|
|
articulation to the contralateral inferior sacroiliac articulation; it
|
|
is designated as right or left relevant to its superior point of origin.
|
|
</p>
|
|
<p>
|
|
<em>Longitudinal axis:</em> the hypothetical axis formed at the line of
|
|
intersection of the midsaggital plane an a coronal plane.
|
|
</p>
|
|
<p>
|
|
<em>Postural axis:</em> see middle (postural) transverse axis.
|
|
</p>
|
|
<p>
|
|
<em>Superior transverse axis:</em> see superior (respiratory) axis.
|
|
</p>
|
|
<p>
|
|
<em>Transverse (z) axes</em>: formed by in intersection of the coronal
|
|
and transverse planes abut which flexion/extension occurs.
|
|
</p>
|
|
<p>
|
|
<em>Inferior transverse axis (innominate axis)</em> the hypothetical
|
|
functional axis of sacral motion proposed by Fred Mitchell D.O., that
|
|
passes from side to side on a line through the inferior auricular
|
|
surface of the sacrum, and represents the axis for movement of the ilia
|
|
on the sacrum.
|
|
</p>
|
|
<p>
|
|
<em>Middle transverse axis (postural axis)</em> the hypothetical
|
|
functional axis of sacral flexion/extension in the standing position
|
|
proposed by Fred Mitchell D.O., passing from side to side through the
|
|
anterior aspect of the sacrum at the level of the second sacral segment.
|
|
</p>
|
|
<p>
|
|
<em>Superior transverse axis (respiratory axis):</em> the hypothetical
|
|
transverse axis about which the sacrum moves during the respiratory
|
|
cycle proposed by Fred Mitchell D.O. It passes from side to side
|
|
through the articular processes posterior to the point of attachment of
|
|
the dura to the level of the second sacral segment; involuntary sacral
|
|
motion occurring as a part of the craniosacral mechanism is believed to
|
|
occur about this axis.
|
|
</p>
|
|
<p>
|
|
<em>Respiratory axis</em>: see transverse axis.
|
|
</p>
|
|
<p>
|
|
<em>Vertical (y) axis (longitudinal</em>): the axis formed by the
|
|
intersection of the sagittal and coronal planes.
|
|
</p>
|
|
<p>
|
|
<strong>Sacral torsion:</strong> a somatic dysfunction in which a torque
|
|
occurs between the sacrum and the lumbar spine.
|
|
</p>
|
|
<p>
|
|
<strong>
|
|
Sacrum, somatic dysfunction of (sacral somatic dysfunction):
|
|
</strong>{" "}
|
|
any group of somatic dysfunction involving primarily the sacrum.
|
|
</p>
|
|
<p>
|
|
<em>Anterior sacrum:</em> a positional term referring to sacral somatic
|
|
dysfunction in which one side of the sacral base relative to the pelvic
|
|
bones has rotated forward and sidebent to the side opposite the rotation
|
|
about a diagonal axis: the dysfunction is named for the side on which
|
|
the forward rotation occurs; anterior sacrum right described a condition
|
|
in which the sacrum is rotated left and side-bent right, such that
|
|
rotation left and sidebending right are freer motions and rotation right
|
|
and sidebending left are restricted; the use of the term anterior (or
|
|
posterior ) to describe dysfunction of the sacrum used the pelvic bones
|
|
for reference.
|
|
</p>
|
|
<p>
|
|
<em>Extension dysfunction of the sacrum</em> (sacral base posterior): a
|
|
sacral somatic dysfunction that involves rotation of the sacrum about a
|
|
middle transverse axis such that the sacral base has moved posteriorly
|
|
relative to the pelvic bones; backward movement of the sacral base is
|
|
freer and forward movement is restricted; this is the reciprocal of
|
|
flexion sacrum.
|
|
</p>
|
|
<p>
|
|
<em>Flexion dysfunction of the sacrum (sacral base anterior):</em> 1. A
|
|
sacral somatic dysfunction that involves rotation of the sacrum about a
|
|
middle transverse axis such that the sacral base has moved anteriorly
|
|
between the pelvic bones; forward movement of the sacral base is freer
|
|
and backward movement is restricted 2. Reciprocal of an extension
|
|
sacrum.
|
|
</p>
|
|
<p>
|
|
<em>Posterior sacrum</em>: a positional term referring to a sacral
|
|
somatic dysfunction in which the sacral base has rotated backward and
|
|
sidebent to the side opposite the rotation; the dysfunction is named for
|
|
the side on which the backward rotation occurs.
|
|
</p>
|
|
<p>
|
|
<em>Rotated dysfunction of the sacrum:</em> a sacral somatic dysfunction
|
|
in which the sacrum has rotated about an axis approximating the
|
|
longitudinal (y) axis; motion is freer in the direction that rotation
|
|
has occurred and is restricted in the opposite direction.
|
|
</p>
|
|
<p>
|
|
<em>Sacral shear (unilateral sacral flexion</em>): a non-physiological
|
|
sacral somatic dysfunction which is usually traumatically induced;
|
|
characterized by a deep sacral sulcus and ipsilateral inferior-posterior
|
|
inferiorlateral angle of the sacrum.
|
|
</p>
|
|
<p>
|
|
<em>Sacral torsion</em>: rotational motion about an oblique or diagonal
|
|
sacral axis; primarily a term used to designate somatic dysfunction that
|
|
results in torsion at the L/S torsion. This is based on the cycle of
|
|
walking. The term torsion originates from the fact that the sacrum has
|
|
rotated in a direction opposite to the supported vertebra (sacrum
|
|
rotated left, the lumbar spine rotates right). A left rotation
|
|
about a left oblique axis produces a right anterior sacral base wit a
|
|
deep right sacral sulcus, a more posterior left inferiorlateral angle
|
|
and a decrease in the tension of the right sacrotuberous ligament. A
|
|
backward torsion occurs when the lumbar spine is in non-neutral and the
|
|
sacral base than rotates posteriorly about an oblique axis. Backward or
|
|
non-neutral torsion are identified for convenience by right on left or
|
|
left on right.
|
|
</p>
|
|
<p>
|
|
<em>Translated sacrum</em>
|
|
<strong>:</strong> a non-physiological sacral somatic dysfunction as a
|
|
result of trauma in which the entire sacrum has moved forward between
|
|
the pelvic bones (an anterior translated sacrum) or backward between the
|
|
pelvic bones (posterior translated sacrum).
|
|
</p>
|
|
<p>
|
|
<em>Anterior translated sacrum:</em> a sacral somatic dysfunction in
|
|
which the entire sacrum has moved forward between the ilia; anterior
|
|
motion is freer, and there is a restriction to posterior motion.
|
|
</p>
|
|
<p>
|
|
<em>Posterior translated sacrum:</em> a sacral somatic dysfunction in
|
|
which the entire sacrum has moved backward between the ilia; posterior
|
|
motion is freer, and there is a restriction to anterior motion.
|
|
</p>
|
|
<p>
|
|
<strong>Scoliosis</strong>: 1. Pathological or functional lateral
|
|
curvature of the spine 2. An appreciable lateral deviation in the
|
|
normally straight vertical line of the spine.
|
|
</p>
|
|
<p>
|
|
<strong>Secondary joint motion</strong>: involuntary or passive motion
|
|
of a joint; also called accessory joint motion.
|
|
</p>
|
|
<p>
|
|
<strong>Segment:</strong> a portion of a larger body or structure set
|
|
off by natural or arbitrarily established boundaries; often equated with
|
|
spinal segment, i.e., 1. To described a single vertebrae 2. A portion of
|
|
the spinal cord corresponding to the sits of origin of of individual
|
|
spinal nerves.
|
|
</p>
|
|
<p>
|
|
<strong>Segmental diagnosis</strong>: the final stage of the spinal
|
|
somatic examination in which the nature of the somatic problem is
|
|
detailed at a segmental level.
|
|
</p>
|
|
<p>
|
|
<strong>Segmental motion:</strong> movement within a vertebral unit
|
|
described by displacement of a point at the anterior-superior aspect of
|
|
the superior vertebral body.
|
|
</p>
|
|
<p>
|
|
<strong>Shear:</strong> an action of force causing or tending to cause
|
|
two contiguous parts of an articulation to slide relative to each other
|
|
in a direction parallel to their plane of contact.
|
|
</p>
|
|
<p>
|
|
<strong>Sidebending:</strong> movement in a coronal (frontal) plane
|
|
about an anterior-posterior (x) axis; also called lateral flexion,
|
|
lateroflexion or flexion right (or left).
|
|
</p>
|
|
<p>
|
|
<strong>Skin drag:</strong> sense of resistance to light traction
|
|
applied to the skin; related to the degree of moisture and degree of
|
|
sympathetic nervous system activity.
|
|
</p>
|
|
<p>
|
|
<strong>Somatic dysfunction:</strong> impaired or altered function of
|
|
related components of the somatic (body framework) system: skeletal,
|
|
arthrodial, and myofascial structures, and related vascular, lymphatic,
|
|
and neural elements. Somatic dysfunction is treatable using osteopathic
|
|
manipulative treatment.
|
|
</p>
|
|
<p>
|
|
The positional and motion aspects of somatic dysfunction are best
|
|
described using at least one of three parameters: 1. The position of a
|
|
body part as determined by palpation and referenced to its adjacent
|
|
defined structure. 2. The directions in which motion is freer. 3. The
|
|
directions in which motion is restricted.
|
|
</p>
|
|
<p>
|
|
<strong>Somatic dysfunction, acute</strong>: immediate or short-term
|
|
impairment or altered function of related components of the somatic
|
|
(body framework) system.
|
|
</p>
|
|
<p>
|
|
<strong>Somatic dysfunction, chronic</strong>: impairment or altered
|
|
function of related components of the somatic system.
|
|
</p>
|
|
<p>
|
|
<em>Somatic dysfunction, type I:</em> a group of thoracic and/or lumbar
|
|
vertebrae in which the freedoms of motion are in neutral with
|
|
sidebending and rotation in opposite directions (rotation occurs toward
|
|
the convexity of the curve).
|
|
</p>
|
|
<p>
|
|
<em>Somatic dysfunction, type II:</em> thoracic or lumbar somatic
|
|
dysfunction of a single vertebral unit in which the vertebra is flexed
|
|
or extended with sidebending and rotation in the same direction
|
|
(rotation occurs into the concavity of the curve).
|
|
</p>
|
|
<p>
|
|
<strong>Spondylitis:</strong> inflammation of vertebrae.
|
|
</p>
|
|
<p>
|
|
<strong>Spondylolisthesis:</strong> anterior displacement of one
|
|
vertebra relative to one immediately below (usually L5 over the body of
|
|
the sacrum or L4 over L5).
|
|
</p>
|
|
<p>
|
|
<strong>Spondylolysis:</strong> dissolution of a vertebra; aplasia of
|
|
the vertebral arch, and separation at the pars interarticularis,
|
|
platyspondylia, pre-spondylolisthesis.
|
|
</p>
|
|
<p>
|
|
<strong>Spondylosis:</strong> 1. Ankylosis of adjacent vertebral bodies
|
|
2. Degeneration of the intervertebral disk.
|
|
</p>
|
|
<p>
|
|
<strong>Sprain:</strong> stretching injuries of ligamentous tissue.
|
|
Grade 0: plastic deformation of the ligament without any tissue tearing;
|
|
first degree: microtrauma; second degree; partial tear; third degree;
|
|
complete disruption.
|
|
</p>
|
|
<p>
|
|
<strong>Still,</strong> M.D., Andrew Taylor: founder of osteopathy;
|
|
1828-1917; first announced the tenets of osteopathy on June 22, 1874,
|
|
established the American School of Osteopathy in 1892 at Kirksville, MO.
|
|
</p>
|
|
<p>
|
|
<strong>Still point:</strong> a term used by W. G. Sutherland, D.O., to
|
|
identify and describe the brief cessation of rhythm attributed to the
|
|
fluctuation of cerebrospinal fluid observed by palpation during
|
|
osteopathic manipulative treatment when a point of balanced membranous
|
|
tension is achieved.
|
|
</p>
|
|
<p>
|
|
<strong>Strain:</strong> 1. Stretching injuries of muscle tissue; 2.
|
|
Distortion with deformation of tissue.
|
|
</p>
|
|
<p>
|
|
<strong>Stretching:</strong> separation of the origin and insertion of a
|
|
muscle and/or attachments of fascia and ligaments.
|
|
</p>
|
|
<p>
|
|
<strong>Subluxation:</strong> 1. Partial or incomplete dislocation; 2. A
|
|
term describing an abnormal anatomical position of a joint which exceeds
|
|
the normal physiologic limit but does not exceed the joints anatomical
|
|
limit.
|
|
</p>
|
|
<p>
|
|
<strong>Supination:</strong> 1. Beginning in anatomical position,
|
|
applied to the hand, the act of turning the palm forward (anteriorly) or
|
|
upward, performed by lateral external rotation of the forearm; 2.
|
|
Applied to the foot, it generally applied to movements resulting in
|
|
raising of the medial margin of the foot, hence of the longitudinal
|
|
arch; a compound motion of plantar flexion, adduction and inversion.
|
|
</p>
|
|
<p>
|
|
<strong>Symphyseal shear:</strong> the resultant of an action or force
|
|
causing or tending to cause the two parts of the symnphysis to slide
|
|
relative to each other in a direction parallel to their plane of
|
|
contact; it is usually found in an inferior/superior direction but is
|
|
occasionally found to be in an anterior/posterior direction.
|
|
</p>
|
|
<h2>– T –</h2>
|
|
<p>
|
|
<strong>T.A.R.T: </strong> a mnemonic for the four diagnostic
|
|
criteria of somatic dysfunction-tissue texture abnormality, asymmetry,
|
|
restriction of motion and tenderness-any one of which must be present
|
|
for the diagnosis:
|
|
</p>
|
|
<p>
|
|
<strong>Technique:</strong> methods, procedures and details of a
|
|
mechanical process or surgical operation.
|
|
</p>
|
|
<p>
|
|
<strong>Tenderness:</strong> 1. Discomfort or pain elicited by the
|
|
physician through palpation; 2. A state of unusual sensitivity to touch
|
|
or pressure.
|
|
</p>
|
|
<p>
|
|
<strong>Tender points</strong>: 1. A system of points originally
|
|
described by Lawrence Jones, D.O., in strain/counterstrain diagnosis and
|
|
treatment; 2. Small hypersensitive points in the myofasical tissues of
|
|
the body used as diagnostic criteria and treatment monitors.
|
|
</p>
|
|
<p>
|
|
<strong>Thoracic inlet:</strong> 1. The functional thoracic inlet
|
|
consists of T1-4 vertebra, ribs 1 and 2 plus their costicartilages, and
|
|
the manubrium of the sternum. 2. The anatomical thoracic inlet consists
|
|
of T1 vertebra, the first ribs and their costal cartilage's, and the
|
|
superior end of the manubrium.
|
|
</p>
|
|
<p>
|
|
<strong>Tissue texture abnormality:</strong> A palpable change in
|
|
tissues from skin to periarticular structures that represents any
|
|
combination of the following signs: vasodilatation, edema, flaccidity,
|
|
hypertonicity, contracture, fibrosis, and the following symptoms:
|
|
itching, pain, tenderness, parasthesia.
|
|
</p>
|
|
<p>
|
|
<strong>Tonus</strong>: the slight continuous contraction of muscle
|
|
which in skeletal muscles aids in the maintenance of posture and in
|
|
return of blood to the heart (Dorland).
|
|
</p>
|
|
<p>
|
|
myogenic tonus: 1. Tonic contraction of muscle dependent on some
|
|
property of the muscle itself or of its intrinsic nerve cells 2.
|
|
Contraction of a muscle caused by intrinsic properties of the muscle or
|
|
by its intrinsic innervation (Stedman).
|
|
</p>
|
|
<p>
|
|
<strong>Torsion</strong>: 1. A motion or state where one end of a part
|
|
is twisted about a longitudinal axis while the opposite end is held fast
|
|
or turned in the opposite direction 2. Motion of the sacrum about an
|
|
oblique axis, with sacral rotation opposite to rotation of L5. 3. An
|
|
unphysiologic motion pattern about an anteroposterior axis of the
|
|
sphenobasilar symphysis/synchondrosis.
|
|
</p>
|
|
<p>
|
|
<strong>Traction:</strong> a linear force acting to draw structures
|
|
apart.
|
|
</p>
|
|
<p>
|
|
<strong>Transitional segment (transitional vertebral segment):</strong>{" "}
|
|
a congenital anamoly of a vertebra in which it develops characteristics
|
|
of the adjoining structure or region, e.g., lumbosacral,
|
|
cervicothoracic. The clinical significance of this lies in its aberrant
|
|
motion characteristics; gross postural effects on the super incumbent
|
|
spinal column or pseudoarthrosis between the enlarged transverse
|
|
processes and either the sacrum or ilia.
|
|
</p>
|
|
<p>
|
|
<em>Lumbarization:</em> a transitional segment in which the first sacral
|
|
segment becomes like an additional lumbar vertebra articulating with the
|
|
second sacral segment.
|
|
</p>
|
|
<p>
|
|
<em>Sacralization:</em> 1. Incomplete separation and differentiation of
|
|
the fifth lumbar vertebra (L5) such that it takes on characteristics of
|
|
a sacral vertebra. 2. When transverse processes of the fifth lumbar are
|
|
atypically large, causing pseudoarthrosis with the sacrum and/or ilia
|
|
referred to as batwing deformity if bilateral.
|
|
</p>
|
|
<p> </p>
|
|
<p>
|
|
<strong>Translation:</strong> motion along an axis
|
|
</p>
|
|
<p> </p>
|
|
<h2>– V –</h2>
|
|
<p>
|
|
<strong>Vertebral unit</strong>: two adjacent vertebrae with their
|
|
associated intervertebral disk, arthrodial, ligmentous, muscular,
|
|
vascular, lymphatic and neural elements.
|
|
</p>
|
|
</Article>
|
|
);
|
|
};
|
|
|
|
export default ArticleFeelysOsteopathicDictionary;
|